Management Plan for the Barrow’s Goldeneye (Bucephala islandica), Eastern Population, in Canada [Proposed] 2011

Species at Risk Act
Management Plan Series

Picture of Barrows Goldeneye photography by Michel Robert

Document Information


Management Plan for the Barrow’s Goldeneye (Bucephala islandica), Eastern Population, in Canada [PROPOSED] – 2011

Cover of publication: Management Plan for the Barrow’s Goldeneye (Bucephala islandica), Eastern Population, in Canada [PROPOSED] – 2011

Recommended citation:

Environment Canada. 2011. Management Plan for the Barrow’s Goldeneye (Bucephala islandica), Eastern Population, in Canada [Proposed]. Species at Risk Act Management Plan Series. Environment Canada, Ottawa. iv + 15 pages.

For copies of the management plan, or for additional information on species at risk, including COSEWIC Status Reports, residence descriptions, action plans, and other related recovery documents, please visit the Species at Risk (SAR) Public Registry.

Cover illustration:Michel Robert – Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service – Quebec Region ©

Également disponible en français sous le titre
« Plan de gestion du Garrot d’Islande (Bucephala islandica), population de l’Est, au Canada [Proposition] »

© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, 2011. All rights reserved.
ISBN
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Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source.


The federal, provincial, and territorial government signatories under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996) agreed to establish complementary legislation and programs that provide for effective protection of species at risk throughout Canada. Under the Species at Risk Act (S.C. 2002, c.29) (SARA), the federal competent ministers are responsible for the preparation of management plans for listed Special Concern species and are required to report on progress within five years.

The Minister of the Environment and the Minister responsible for the Parks Canada Agency are the competent ministers for the conservation of the Barrow’s Goldeneye, Eastern Population, a species listed as special concern in Schedule 1 of SARA. This management plan was prepared in accordance with section 65 of SARA. It was developed in cooperation with the following jurisdictions:

Success in the conservation of the Barrow’s Goldeneye, Eastern Population, depends on the commitment and cooperation of many different constituencies that will be involved in implementing the directions set out in this management plan and will not be achieved by Environment Canada, Parks Canada Agency, Fisheries and Oceans Canada or any other jurisdiction alone. All Canadians are invited to join in supporting and implementing this management plan for the benefit of the Barrow’s Goldeneye, Eastern Population, and Canadian society as a whole. Implementation of the plan is subject to the appropriations, priorities, and budgetary constraints of the participating jurisdictions and organizations.


The first version of this document was produced by Michel Robert (Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service – Quebec Region). The final version was completed by Diane Amirault (Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service – Atlantic Region) and Sylvain Giguère (Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service – Quebec Region). We would like to thank the following organizations and individuals for their participation in one or more phases of the preparation of this document.

Parks Canada Agency
Suzan Dionne, Shawn Gerrow, Sylvain Paradis, Kara Vlasman, Darroch Whitaker

Conseil des Innus Essipit
Michael Ross

Environment Canada, Enforcement Branch
Mark Mills, Hugh O’Neil, Craig Smith

Environment Canada, Science and Technology Branch
Jean-Pierre Savard

Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service
Luc Bélanger, Daniel Bordage, Caroline Bureau, Alain Branchaud, Pierre Brousseau, Vincent Carignan, François Fournier, Christine Lepage, Louis Lesage, Mark Mallory, Andrée Marcotte, Christian Marcotte, Lucie Métras, Karine Picard, Bruce Pollard, Marie-José Ribeyron, Isabelle Ringuet, Jean Rodrigue, Jennifer Stewart, Josée Tardif, Matthew Wild

Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife
Brad Allen

New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources
Maureen Toner

Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune du Québec
Martin Arvisais, Stéphane Guérin, Jean Tanguay

Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Environment and Conservation
Emily Herdman, Shelley Moores

Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Nicole Bouchard


The Barrow’s Goldeneye is a sea duck that occurs in three distinct populations in North America and Iceland. The Eastern population of Barrow’s Goldeneye in North America was assessed in 2000 by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) as a species of special concern and was listed as such in Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in 2003.

The Eastern population comprises approximately 6800 individuals, which is equivalent to 2100 pairs. The species breeds primarily in the boreal forests of Quebec, north of the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence. While most of the population also winters in the Estuary and the Gulf, its wintering range extends to the coast of the Atlantic provinces and Maine.

The main threats to the Barrow’s Goldeneye, Eastern population, are logging, the stocking of fishless lakes, and oil spills. Hunting and sediment contamination may also pose threats to this population.

The management objective is to maintain and, if possible, increase the current population size and range of the Barrow’s Goldeneye, Eastern population. In order to achieve this objective, the size of the population must be maintained for the next ten years at not less than 6800 individuals across the species’ range. General strategies and management activities designed to achieve this objective are set out in section 6.2.


Date of Assessment: May 2011

Common Name (population): Barrow’s Goldeneye, Eastern Population

Scientific Name: Bucephala islandica

COSEWIC Status: Special Concern

Reason for Designation: Numbers of individuals in this eastern population are limited. Although threats such as limited habitat availability and oil spill potential have been identified, none is currently at a scale that would impact negatively on the population.

Canadian Occurrence: Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador

COSEWIC Status History: Designated Special Concern in November 2000. Status re-examined and confirmed in May 2011.

The Barrow’s Goldeneye (Bucephala islandica), Eastern population, was added to Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act (S.C. 2002, c. 29) (SARA) in 2003. In Quebec, it is designated vulnerable under the Act Respecting Threatened or Vulnerable Species (R.S.Q. c. E-12.01). In Newfoundland and Labrador it is listed as vulnerable under the Endangered Species Act (NL ESA E-10.1, 2001). Elsewhere in the Atlantic provinces the species has no legal protection under New Brunswick’s Endangered Species Act (S.N.B., 1996, c. E-9.101), Nova Scotia’s Endangered Species Act (S.N.S. 1998, c. 11) or Prince Edward Island’s Wildlife Conservation Act (RSPEI 1988, c. W-41).

Barrow’s Goldeneye (three populations) has a global conservation rank of G5 (secure) owing to its abundance throughout its global range (NatureServe 2010). The species has a rank of N3 (vulnerable) in Canada and a rank of S3B in Quebec, indicating that the population that breeds there is at risk. Provincial ranks (S) have not been established in the Atlantic provinces. Almost all of the Eastern population spends its entire life cycle in Canada.

The Barrow’s Goldeneye1 is a sea duck. On average, males weigh 1150 g, and females weigh 800 g. Adult males have black and white plumage, with an iridescent purplish head and a crescent-shaped white patch at the base of the bill. Adult females have brown and white plumage and, in winter and spring, a bright orange bill (Eadie et al. 2000). In general, it is quite difficult for an observer to distinguish female and juvenile Barrow’s Goldeneyes from female and juvenile Common Goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula) due to their similarity. However, the Common Goldeneye is much more common in marine environments in eastern Canada.

There are three populations of Barrow’s Goldeneye in the world, occupying western North America, eastern North America and Iceland (see Figure 1). The global population numbers at least 200 000, and most of these individuals breed and winter in western North America (Eadie et al. 2000). The Icelandic population, which mainly occurs in the northeast of Iceland, is composed of approximately 2000 individuals (Einarsson 2005).

This management plan deals with the eastern North American population of Barrow’s Goldeneye, consisting of approximately 6800 individuals, the equivalent of 2100 pairs (Robert 2010). Population trends for this species are unknown, but the Eastern population is believed to have declined in the 20th century and may still be in decline (Robert et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2002, 2003; Robert and Savard 2006).

Figure 1. Global range of Barrow’s Goldeneye
Adapted from Eadie et al. (2000)

Figure 1 shows the global range of the Barrow’s Goldeneye, distinguishing among its breeding grounds, its breeding and wintering grounds, and its wintering grounds

Breeding period – The Barrow’s Goldeneye breeds north of the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf in the boreal forest of eastern North America (Robert et al. 2000b, 2002; Figure 2). According to a survey conducted in Labrador and in Quebec’s North Shore region, the core of the breeding population is found south of 52° N latitude. The species also occurs sparsely in the extreme southern part of Labrador (Robert and Savard 2008). The northern and eastern boundaries of its breeding range are still to be determined (Robert et al. 2008).

Wintering period – Although the wintering range of the Barrow’s Goldeneye extends along the shores of the Atlantic provinces and Maine, most individuals (> 95% of the population) winter in the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf (see Figure 2). The species is present there from October to June and is particularly abundant from late October to late April (Robert et al. 2003; Robert and Savard 2006). They congregate in large numbers on tidal flats on the northern shore of the Estuary and in a few areas in the Gulf, including Chaleur Bay and along the southern shore of Anticosti Island. The rest of the population (fewer than 1000 individuals) winters in the Atlantic provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador) and in Maine (Daury and Bateman 1996). Their main site is in Dalhousie (New Brunswick), in Chaleur Bay, where some 750 individuals have been counted (Robert et al. 2003; Robert and Savard 2006; Robert 2010).

Figure 2. Distribution range of the Barrow’s Goldeneye, Eastern population

Adapted from Eadie et al. (2000)

Figure 2 shows the range of the Barrow’s Goldeneye, Eastern population, distinguishing among its breeding grounds, its breeding and wintering grounds, and its wintering grounds.

Moulting period – Adult males moult in the Arctic, along the shores of Hudson Bay and Ungava Bay and along the north coast of Labrador and the south coast of Baffin Island (Figure 2; Benoît et al. 2001; Robert et al. 2002). Some spend the moulting period on inland lakes near the shoreline. The males leave the breeding grounds shortly after the incubation period begins in June. They remain on the moulting grounds through summer and early fall and return to the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf in October and November to winter. Very little is known about the moulting grounds of female Barrow’s Goldeneyes. (Robert et al. 2002).

The biological and habitat needs, as well as the limiting factors of the Barrow’s Goldeneye, are described in detail in the COSEWIC status report (Robert et al. 2000a).

Breeding period – Barrow’s Goldeneyes use small lakes (< 15 ha) located at high altitudes (> 500 m) in areas characterized by rugged terrain for mating and rearing their young. They prefer fishless lakes and lakes at the head of watersheds (Robert et al. 2000b, 2008). Fishless lakes provide ideal conditions for Barrow’s Goldeneyes, since they are likely richer in invertebrate species than lakes with fish (since fish prey on invertebrates; see Robert et al. 2008 for references on this subject).

Barrow’s Goldeneyes seldom make their nests near water. The nests surveyed by Evans (2003) and Robert et al. (2010) were found in forested areas located anywhere from 90 to 246 metres from water. Nests discovered to date in Quebec were found in apical or lateral cavities of large trees (average DBH2 of 38 cm; N3 = 10) in an advanced state of decomposition (Robert et al. 2006a; 2010). The species is also known to use nesting boxes (Eadie et al. 2000; Savard and Robert 2007).

Wintering period – Preliminary results of a study conducted along the St. Lawrence Estuary (Laforge et al. 2005; see also Robert and Savard 2006) indicate that the Barrow’s Goldeneye is closely associated with large rocky intertidal areas that support dense populations of brown algae (Fucaceae). In these areas, the birds primarily feed on amphipods (crustaceans) and gastropods, particularly periwinkles (Bourget 2004). In the Atlantic provinces, Barrow’s Goldeneyes occur most commonly in winter in open water areas associated with flow constrictions (e.g., bridges or causeways) or in thermal effluent discharge zones (e.g., industrial discharge in Dalhousie Bay) (Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service – Atlantic Region, unpublished data).

Moulting period – The moulting habitat of the Barrow’s Goldeneye has never been thoroughly studied. According to Benoît et al. (2001), Barrow’s Goldeneyes surveyed in the estuary of Rivière aux Feuilles (Nord-du-Québec region) during moulting season were primarily found in rocky tidal flats similar to those in the St. Lawrence Estuary where the birds congregate during fall and winter.

Barrow’s Goldeneyes are territorial, which can sometimes limit breeding densities (Eadie et al. 2000). In some locations, Barrow’s Goldeneyes and Common Goldeneyes share the same breeding grounds (Robert et al. 2000b; Savard and Robert 2007). Since the two species have very similar habitat and breeding requirements, it is assumed that they sometimes compete for nesting cavities, as well as for feeding and brood rearing habitat.

The availability of nesting cavities can have an impact on the size of the Barrow’s Goldeneye population, since it can prevent females from nesting or increase the level of interspecific competition and parasitism (some Barrow’s Goldeneye females lay eggs only as brood parasites, not establishing a nest of their own, but rather laying their eggs in the nests of other females) (Eadie et al. 2000). Female Goldeneyes exhibit high fidelity to previous nest sites, returning to the same area or even the same cavity from year to year (Savard and Eadie 1989). This behaviour suggests that species abundance in a given sector may depend in large part on the nest success of females in that sector, regardless of the success of females in other parts of the breeding range.

Table 1. Threat assessment table
Threat Level of concern1 Extent Occurrence Frequency Severity2 Causal certainty3
Habitat loss or degradation
Logging High Widespread Current Seasonal4 Unknown High
Fish stocking High Widespread4 Currents Seasonal4 Unknown Medium
Pollution
Hydrocarbon spills Medium Widespread5 Anticipated Seasonal5 Unknown Medium
Sediment contamination Low Localized Current Seasonal5 Low Low
Use of biological resources
Hunting Medium Localized Current Seasonal Unknown Low

1 Level of Concern: signifies that managing the threat is of (high, medium or low) concern for the management of the species, consistent with the population and distribution objectives. This criterion considers the assessment of all the information in the table.

2 Severity: reflects the population-level effect (High: very large population-level effect, Moderate, Low, Unknown).

3 Causal certainty: reflects the degree of evidence that is known for the threat (High: available evidence strongly links the threat to stresses on population viability; Medium: there is a correlation between the threat and population viability, e.g., expert opinion; Low: the threat is assumed or plausible).

4 Breeding range

5 Wintering range

Threats are presented in descending order of concern.

1. Logging – Most Barrow’s Goldeneye breeding grounds are located on provincial crown land (Government of Quebec) subject to logging. According to the COSEWIC status report (Robert et al. 2000a) and other later studies (Robert et al. 2006a, 2010; Vaillancourt 2007), logging presents a serious threat. The main anticipated effects of logging operations include habitat loss due to the harvesting of nesting trees used by females during the incubation period; the short- and long-term reduction in the number of trees and snags suitable for nesting; and habitat degradation resulting from hunters’ and anglers’ increased access to pristine lakes that were previously difficult to access by land. A reduction in the number of nesting cavities can also have indirect effects, such as increased competition for existing cavities and a greater risk of predation on females and their young when females are forced to nest further from brood-rearing lakes. It has also been argued that logging can degrade remaining habitat due to an increase in beaver populations in regenerating sectors. Specifically, the rise in water level in lakes used by Barrow’s Goldeneyes affects aquatic invertebrate populations (food source) (Canadian Wildlife Service – Quebec Region, unpublished data).

2. Fish stocking – The introduction of fish in lakes that were formerly fishless poses a threat to Barrow’s Goldeneye since this practice reduces the prey populations on which it feeds (Robert et al. 2008). In Quebec, many fishless lakes have been stocked for recreational purposes in recent decades (Robert et al. 2000a, 2008). Logging has facilitated this practice by providing access to numerous lakes that were once inaccessible by land.

3. Oil spills – The St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf form part of a major waterway in northeastern North America (Robert et al. 2000a). A significant portion of the Barrow’s Goldeneye, Eastern population, is concentrated in a few areas along the St. Lawrence Estuary, making the species extremely vulnerable to oil spills. Oil spills constitute a serious threat since a single spill along the St. Lawrence could cause significant mortality within the population. Petroleum products greatly reduce the thermoregulatory and aerodynamic properties of feathers, particularly in seabirds. Oil spills could also pose a threat to Barrow’s Goldeneyes in the moulting grounds where they congregate for much of the year (Robert et al. 2002). This risk is considered less severe in Arctic waters than in the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf due to the difference in volume of shipping traffic.

4. Hunting – Although the Barrow’s Goldeneye has been protected by special federal regulatory measures since 1995 (Robert et al. 2000a; see Section 6.1) that include relatively low daily bag and possession limits, the potential impact of hunting remains a source of concern. In October, (coinciding with the hunting season) Barrow’s Goldeneyes begin to gather along the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf, where they will spend the winter (Robert et al. 2003; Robert and Savard 2006). Due to the high degree of similarity between the Barrow’s Goldeneye and the Common Goldeneye and the fact that the two species commonly winter together, hunters often have difficulty distinguishing between the two species from a distance. Consequently, Barrow’s Goldeneyes are at risk of being inadvertently shot by hunters of the Common Goldeneye. The behaviour of the Barrow’s Goldeneye also makes it vulnerable to hunting mortality since it is easily attracted by decoys. Hunting of Barrow’s Goldeneyes on breeding grounds is another potential threat. The young of the Barrow’s Goldeneye, which are quite tame and therefore easily killed, may still be present on breeding grounds during the first weeks of the hunting season. This threat may be even greater in areas that are logged, where greater access to breeding grounds may increase hunting pressure.

Subsistence hunting of sea ducks is a popular activity on the North Shore and in the Gaspé Peninsula and is particularly important for coastal Aboriginal communities (Innu, Inuit, Mi’kmaq and Maliseet). Many of these Aboriginal communities are located in close proximity to coastal areas where Barrow’s Goldeneyes congregate. Under the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement and the Nunavik Inuit Land Claims Agreement, Aboriginal communities retain the right to hunt waterfowl for subsistence purposes in Nunavut and Nunavik moulting sites. However, given the timing of the ducks’ arrival and departure from these waters and the remoteness of known moulting grounds, the number of Barrow’s Goldeneyes harvested on the moulting grounds is probably very small.

5. Sediment contamination – In winter, several hundred Barrow’s Goldeneyes, Eastern population, congregate in areas known to have highly contaminated sediments, particularly opposite Baie-Comeau (polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and Dalhousie (lead and mercury) (Robertet al. 2000a). The effect of this contamination on birds that winter in these areas is not known.

The long-term objective of this management plan is to maintain and, if possible, increase the population size and range of the Barrow’s Goldeneye, Eastern population, in Canada. In order to achieve this objective, the size of the population must be maintained for the next ten years at not less than 6800 individuals across the Canadian range of the population.

The Barrow’s Goldeneye has been the subject of numerous studies since COSEWIC’s last status report (Robert et al. 2000a). These studies, most of which were carried out in Quebec, can be grouped under three themes: (1) management, conservation and stewardship of the species and its habitat; (2) research and monitoring; (3) outreach and communication.

Management, conservation and stewardship of the species and its habitat – The Quebec government, which owns a large portion of the species’ range, has introduced several land management measures in recent years. In terms of protecting fishless lakes, the government introduced a legislative amendment to the Act Respecting the Conservation and Development of Wildlife (R.S.Q., c. C-61.1, s. 73.1) in order to authorize the development of fish stocking plans in specific areas. Quebec’s Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune (MRNF) has also taken measures to prohibit the stocking of fishless lakes on Quebec provincial crown lands (within the breeding area). For example, a moratorium was imposed in Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (J. Tanguay, MRNF, pers. comm.), throughout a vast area in the Côte-Nord region (S. Guérin, MRNF, pers. comm.), as well as in controlled harvesting zones (CHZ) and wildlife reserves in the affected regions (M. Arvisais, MRNF, pers. comm.). Barrow’s Goldeneye is also included in the administrative agreement pertaining to threatened or vulnerable plant and wildlife species in Quebec’s forests (Deschênes 2004). The protective measures of this agreement are currently being developed.

Federal regulations pertaining to the hunting of migratory birds have been amended several times between since the 1990s. For example, no-hunting zones were put in place (C.R.C. 1997, c. 1035; part IV, 1c). Changes were also made between 2002 and 2008 in order to tighten daily bag and possession limits, as well as to shorten the hunting season for Barrow’s Goldeneye, Eastern population. Furthermore, as part of the environmental assessment framework under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (S.C. 1992, c. 37), Environment Canada issues recommendations to ensure that projects carried out within the distribution range of Barrow’s Goldeneye will have no impact on the integrity of the species’ preferred habitats (e.g., compensation agreement under the Fisheries Act [R.S.C., 1985, c. F-14]). Finally, morphometric markers to differentiate Barrow’s Goldeneye from Common Goldeneye are currently being identified by Environment Canada (Canadian Wildlife Service – Quebec Region) and the Université du Québec à Rimouski.

Research and monitoring – Most research and monitoring activities have been carried out by Environment Canada (Canadian Wildlife Service – Quebec Region) in partnership with the academic community.

Breeding period: The main activities carried out during the reproductive period include inventories and telemetry monitoring (Robert et al. 2000b, 2002; Benoît et al. 2001). This work has made it possible to increase knowledge with respect to species distribution, use of the nesting box network (Savard and Robert 2007), the time-budgets of females (Robert et al. 2006b), diet, and comparisons of used and unused lakes according to physicochemical properties and macroinvertebrate biomass. Studies on various habitat characteristics (e.g., availability and description of nesting cavities) have also been conducted (Robert et al. 2006a, 2008, 2010; Vaillancourt 2007; Vaillancourt et al. 2008, 2009).

Moulting period: Telemetric monitoring of birds fitted with satellite transmitters has made it possible to locate certain moulting grounds.

Migratory period: Surveys of hunters in the Lac Saint-Pierre area have made it possible to determine whether the Barrow’s Goldeneye uses Lac Saint-Pierre during the migratory period (Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service – Quebec Region, unpublished data from 2001 and 2002).

Wintering period: The main studies carried out during the wintering period include the following: several inventories that have provided a better understanding of the species’ range during this period (Robert et al. 2003; Robert and Savard 2006; Robert 2010;Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service – Atlantic Region, unpublished data); university studies on habitat selection and diet (Bourget 2004; Laforge et al. 2005; Bourget et al. 2007); and a study of bird contamination among individuals that winter in the Baie-Comeau and Dalhousie areas (Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service – Quebec Region, underway).

Outreach and communication – Products have been developed for a variety of clienteles over the past 15 years. These include awareness articles aimed at the general public (Savard and Robert 1997; Robert 2002; Coughlan et al. 2005), interpretive materials (Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park), and posters to increase awareness in Aboriginal communities. A symposium on fishless lakes was organized in Chicoutimi in 2002 for scientists and land managers. An information brochure on the importance of fishless lakes was produced, along with a brochure to help hunters and enforcement officers distinguish Barrow’s Goldeneye from Common Goldeneye.

Table 2. Implementation schedule*
Action Priority Threats or concerns addressed** Timeline
Strategy 1: Management, conservation and stewardship of the species and its habitat
Develop, adopt and implement best forest management practices High 1 2011–2015
Work with responsible authorities to apply (and broaden) the prohibition against stocking fishless lakes that constitute suitable habitat for Barrow’s Goldeneye High 2 2011–2015
Examine the possibility of restoring stocked lakes High 2 2011–2015
Prioritize the species in emergency response plans in the event of oil spills, particularly on wintering and moulting grounds High 3 2011–2015
Introduce sustainable hunting measures (including the development and implementation of methods to estimate harvest numbers) and carry out required revisions to regulations if necessary) High 5 2011–2015
Promote the designation of protective status to wintering grounds (e.g., areas where aquatic birds congregate, under the Quebec Act Respecting the Conservation and Development of Wildlife [R.S.Q., c-C-61.1]) Medium 3, 4, 5 2011–2012
Apply necessary regulations under s. 71 of the Species at Risk Act (S.C. 2002, c. 29) to protect important moulting, wintering and breeding grounds Medium 3 2011–2015
Collaborate with northern authorities to identify and protect important moulting grounds Medium 5 2011–2015
Strategy 2: Research and monitor the species and its habitat
Initiate programs to monitor breeding populations and assess annual productivity High Knowledge gaps 2011–2015
Develop survey protocols to be used throughout the wintering range of the species, and conduct surveys every three years High Knowledge gaps 2011 and 2014
Promote spring surveys on potential breeding grounds Medium Knowledge gaps 2011–2015
Assess the relevance of installing nesting boxes to increase species productivity Medium Knowledge gaps 2011–2015
Characterize breeding, moulting and wintering habitat Medium Knowledge gaps 2011–2015
Encourage other applied research activities to support recovery of the population (e.g., interactions with Common Goldeneye, effects of contaminated sediments) Medium Knowledge gaps, 4 2011–2015
Determine the genetic relationships between the Eastern, Western and Icelandic populations Low Knowledge gaps 2011–2015
Strategy 3: Outreach and communication
Develop tools for land managers, hunters and enforcement officers (e.g., identifying the species, reasons for its precarious status, its needs) Medium 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 2011–2015
Conduct annual patrols in areas where the species is concentrated to ensure that legal bag and possession limits are being respected Medium 5 2011–2015
Engage key interest groups in efforts to reduce threats faced by the species and encourage the reporting of relevant observations Medium 1, 2, 3, 5 2011–2015

* Responsibilities for implementing the actions listed in table 2 will be assigned through a consensus-building process involving the participating jurisdictions and organizations.
** 1: logging; 2: stocking of fishless lakes; 3: oil spills; 4: sediment contamination; 5: hunting.

The performance indicators presented below provide a way to define and measure progress toward achieving the population and distribution objectives for Barrow’s Goldeneye. Success of the implementation of this management plan will be evaluated every five years against the following indicators:

Benoît, R., M. Robert, C. Marcotte, G. Fitzgerald and J.-P.L. Savard. 2001. Étude des déplacements du Garrot d’Islande dans l’est du Canada à l’aide de la télémétrie satellitaire. Technical Report Series Number 360. Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service. 71 p. plus maps.

Bourget, D. 2004. Répartition et écologie alimentaire du Garrot d’Islande (Bucephala islandica) et du Garrot à œil d’or (Bucephala clangula) en période d’hivernage sur la rive sud de l’estuaire maritime du fleuve Saint-Laurent. Master’s Thesis, Université du Québec à Rimouski. 63 p.

Bourget, D., J.-P.L. Savard and M. Guillemette. 2007. Distribution, diet and dive behaviour of Barrow’s and Common Goldeneyes during spring and autumn in the St. Lawrence estuary. Waterbirds 30: 230-240.

Coughlan, A., B. Drolet and M. Robert. 2005. Hidden secrets of Barrow’s Goldeneye. Wildfowl & Wetlands 152: 20-23.

Daury, R.W. and M.C. Bateman. 1996. The Barrow’s Goldeneye (Bucephala islandica) in the Atlantic Provinces and Maine. Regional report. Canadian Wildlife Service, Atlantic Region, Sackville, Canada.

Deschênes, L. 2004. Un canard dans la mire de l’entente: le Garrot d’Islande. Le Courrier de l’Entente, Numéro 4. Internal document, unpublished, Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Québec, QC.

Eadie, J.M., J.-P.L. Savard and M.L. Mallory. 2000. .Barrow's Goldeneye (Bucephala islandica), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, editor). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. [Accessed September 10, 2010].

Einarsson, Á. 2005. Barrow’s Goldeneye (Bucephala islandica). pp. 35-739 in Kear, J. (editor) Ducks, Geese and Swans, vol. 2. Oxford University Press, New York.

Evans, M.R. 2003. Breeding habitat selection by Barrow’s Goldeneye and Bufflehead in the Cariboo-Chilcotin region of British Columbia: nest-sites, brood-rearing habitat, and competition. PhD Thesis, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.

Laforge, H., J.-F. Ouellet, M. Guillemette and M. Robert. 2005. Fine-scale spatial and temporal segregation of foraging Barrow’s Goldeneyes wintering in the St. Lawrence River Estuary, Quebec, Canada. 2nd North American Sea Duck Conference. Annapolis, MD. November 7-11.

NatureServe. 2010. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [Web application]. Version 5.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. [Accessed September 10, 2010].

Robert, M. 2002. Le Garrot d’Islande: un canard qui a du panache. QuébecOiseaux 14 (Hors série): 48-50.

Robert, M. 2010. Garrot d’Islande. In C. Lepage and D. Bordage (editors). État des populations de sauvagine du Québec, 2009. Unpublished report, Canadian Wildlife Service, Quebec Region, Environment Canada, Quebec City, p. 198-202.

Robert, M., R. Benoît and J.-P. Savard. 2000a. Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur le Garrot d’Islande (Bucephala islandica) au Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Ottawa. 68 p.

Robert, M., D. Bordage, J.-P.L. Savard, G. Fitzgerald and F. Morneau. 2000b. The breeding range of the Barrow’s Goldeneye in eastern North America. Wilson Bulletin 112: 1-7.

Robert, M., R. Benoît and J.-P.L. Savard. 2002. Relationship among breeding, molting, and wintering areas of male Barrow’s Goldeneye in eastern North America. Auk 119: 676-684.

Robert, M., R. Benoît, C. Marcotte, J.-P.L. Savard, D. Bordage and D. Bourget. 2003. Le Garrot d’Islande dans l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent: calendrier de présence annuelle, répartition, abondance, âge-ratio et sex-ratio. Technical Report Series Number 398, Canadian Wildlife Service, 121 p. plus maps.

Robert, M., C. Marcotte and L. Dufour. 2006a. Discovery of the first natural breeding cavities of Barrow’s Goldeneyes in eastern North America. 4th North American Ornithological Conference. Veracruz, Mexico. October 3-7.

Robert, M., B. Drolet and J.-P.L. Savard. 2006b. Effects of backpack radio-transmitters on female Barrow’s Goldeneyes. Waterbirds 29: 115-120.

Robert, M. and J.-P.L. Savard. 2006. The St. Lawrence River Estuary and Gulf: a stronghold for Barrow’s Goldeneyes wintering in eastern North America. Waterbirds 29: 437-450.

Robert, M. and J.-P.L. Savard. 2008. Inventaire du Garrot d’Islande dans le sud du Labrador et sur la Côte-Nord du Québec (printemps 2008). Report submitted to the Institut pour la surveillance et la recherche environnementales by the Canadian Wildlife Service and the Science and Technology Branch, Quebec Region, Environment Canada, Quebec City. 14 p.

Robert, M., B. Drolet and J.-P.L. Savard. 2008. Habitat features associated with Barrow’s Goldeneye breeding in eastern Canada. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120: 320-330.

Robert, M., M.-A. Vaillancourt and P. Drapeau. 2010. Characteristics of nest cavities of Barrow’s Goldeneyes in eastern North America. Journal of Field Ornithology 81(3): 287-293.

Savard, J.-P.L. and J.M. Eadie. 1989. Survival and breeding philopatry in Barrow’s and Common Goldeneyes. Condor 91: 198-203.

Savard, J.-P.L. and M. Robert. 1997. Le Garrot d’Islande: un oiseau vulnérable. QuébecOiseaux 9(2): 18-19.

Savard, J.-P. L. and M. Robert. 2007. Use of nest boxes by goldeneyes in eastern North America. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 119: 28-34.

Vaillancourt, M.-A. 2007. Caractérisation de la disponibilité des arbres potentiels à la nidification du Garrot d’Islande dans la forêt boréale de l’Est du Québec. Master’s Thesis. Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec. 99 p.

Vaillancourt, M.-A., P. Drapeau, S. Gauthier and M. Robert. 2008. Availability of standing trees for large cavity-nesting birds in eastern boreal forest of Québec, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 255: 2272–2285.

Vaillancourt, M.-A., P. Drapeau, M. Robert and S. Gauthier. 2009. The origin and availability of large cavities for Barrow’s Goldeneye, a species at risk inhabiting the eastern Canadian boreal forest. Avian Conservation and Ecology 4(1): 6.

A strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is conducted on all SARA recovery planning documents, in accordance with the Cabinet Directive on the Environmental Assessment of Policy, Plan and Program Proposals. The purpose of a SEA is to incorporate environmental considerations into the development of public policies, plans, and program proposals to support environmentally sound decision-making.

Management planning of a species of special concern is intended to benefit species at risk and biodiversity in general. However, it is recognized that management plans may also inadvertently lead to environmental effects beyond the intended benefits. The planning process based on national guidelines directly incorporates consideration of all environmental effects, with a particular focus on possible impacts upon non-target species or habitats. The results of the SEA are incorporated directly into the management plan itself, but are also summarized below in this statement.

The potential for the plan to inadvertently lead to adverse effects on the environment or other species was considered. Since the recommended activities are limited to non-intrusive measures such as monitoring the population and conducting awareness activities, we may conclude that the management plan will not entail any significant adverse effects.

In all likelihood, some of the measures proposed in this management plan will contribute to the conservation of other species. The implementation of measures designed to reduce the impact of logging on Barrow’s Goldeneye, such as the conservation of living or dead trees appropriately sized for nesting, should be beneficial to other animal and plant species associated with this forest feature. The conservation of fishless lakes will likely benefit the conservation of other species, since these lakes are known to contain wildlife with several unique characteristics. The protection of certain areas where Barrow’s Goldeneyes congregate will likely benefit other waterfowl species. In all likelihood, the implementation of an annual population monitoring program during the breeding period will complement monitoring programs for other waterfowl species with similar habitat requirements, such as the Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata). Winter surveys along the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf will make it possible to inventory and locate birds that winter on these shores, including many other species of waterfowl. Finally, it is likely that the positive impact of communication initiatives will extend well beyond the conservation of the Barrow’s Goldeneye.

Many other vertebrate species at risk occur in the boreal forest of eastern North America. These include Woodland Caribou, boreal population (Rangifer tarandus caribou), Bicknell’s Thrush (Catharus bicknelli), Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus carolinus) and Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus cooperi). Although the habitats of these species differ considerably from those of Barrow’s Goldeneye, efforts to ensure the conservation and long-term viability of Barrow’s Goldeneye may also enhance conservation and awareness efforts focused on these other species at risk.


1 Unless otherwise indicated, the name “Barrow’s Goldeneye” is used in this document to refer to the “Barrow’s Goldeneye, Eastern population.”

2 Diameter at breast height.

3 Sample size.

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